Laboratory Careers in Molecular Pathology

Discover the wide range of career paths available in molecular diagnostics — from lab assistants and technologists to medical directors and laboratory managers. This page outlines key roles, training and certification options, licensure details, and helpful tools like study guides, flashcards and practice exams.

Types of Careers

Lab Assistants and Technicians

Lab assistants and technicians help process and prepare samples for molecular testing. Some can collect blood because of training in phlebotomy, but most molecular labs have lab assistants who prepare samples and may help monitor and maintain instruments while they are running. They might also perform tasks like reagent preparation, stocking, and ordering supplies. Lab technicians may perform additional tasks like nucleic acid extraction and pre-analytical test setup.

Technologists

Cytogenetic: Cytogenetic technologists or “cyto techs” perform specialized tests that visualize chromosomes. This involves preparing metaphase slides from samples such as blood, bone marrow, or cultured cells, and then “freezing” cells in metaphase so their condensed chromosomes can be examined. Cyto techs align chromosomes to detect macroscopic structural changes linked to diseases.

Molecular: Molecular Technologists perform tests that examine RNA and DNA, ranging from targeted gene testing to analysis of entire genomes. Some labs focus on human samples, while others test for microorganisms.

Clinical Laboratory Scientists

In California, technologists may be licensed as Clinical Genetic Molecular Biologists or Clinical Cytogeneticist Scientists. Learn more from the California Department of Public Health.

Medical Laboratory Scientists (MLS)

MLS professionals are licensed to practice across various laboratory disciplines including Blood Banking, Urinalysis, Chemistry, Histology, Immunology, and Microbiology.

Supervisors, Managers and Administrative Directors

These roles often require both technical experience and a Master’s degree. Responsibilities include operations, staffing, compliance, and sometimes benchwork. Larger labs may divide oversight between multiple managers (e.g., operations, quality, education). Some directors may oversee both research and clinical labs.

Medical Directors

Typically MDs or PhDs with advanced training in genetics or molecular diagnostics. Medical directors are board-certified in their field and must meet state-specific eligibility requirements.